同学们，你们好！

我是“文学阅读与欣赏”的课程主讲教师吴立高，我这个文件是帮助大家复习考试用的。期末考试临近了，面对厚厚的一本《文学阅读与欣赏》， 你是否感到有些紧张呢？请不要担心，如果你按照考试宝典的内容认真复习，相信你会考出一个好成绩的！

一、如何复习

该课程学习的主线是课本。复习时，依据复习要点（focal points），把课本梳理一遍，是其他任何方法都替代不了的。考试内容大多是出自课本的，熟悉课本是得高分的法宝。如果按教学平台里的“复习与自测”部分的要点，对照教材和面授辅导课的课程讲义，从头到尾地详细复习一篇，你的考试成绩会使你满意的。

二、复习参考

1 面授课上的要点梳理/ VOB 考前串讲

2 考前宝典的范围和要点

3 论坛上的老师考前提醒

三、考点串讲

1. 考试范围

《文学阅读与欣赏》教材的一至八单元为本次考试的范围。考试内容主要涉及教材中的文学作品理解以及文学常识的掌握。

2．考试题型

笔试分为五个部分，第一部分文学常识，占35分；第二部分诗歌/戏剧分析，占8分；第三部分莎士比亚作品理解，占12分；第四部分短篇小说分析，占25分；第五部分写作，为20分。考试时间总共120分钟，其中文学常识占25分钟，诗歌/戏剧分析部分占15分钟，莎士比亚作品理解部分占10分钟，短篇小说分析部分占30分钟，写作部分占40分钟。

.3. 试卷各部分详解

1）文学常识的第一部分是10个有关课本出现的文学概念、文学人物和作品的单项选择题。10个均是课本的重点或者基本常识，所以比较简单，而这部分得分也较好。大部分同学都在12分以上（满分20分），很多是16－20分。

举例如下：

1.    The poem “Ozymandias” is about a _________.

A.   traveler       

B.   sculptor

C.   writer    

D.   king

2.    The story “A Horseman in the Sky” takes place in _________.

A.   American Independence War       

B.   American Civil War    

C.   Colonial time

D.   20th century

3.    ‘A compressed form of writing which relies heavily on imagery’ is a definition of a ___________.

A.   short story   

B.   poem

C.   drama

D.   novel

4.    Heathcliff is a character created by ___________.

A. Charlotte Bronte

B. Oscar Wilde

C. Jane Austen

D. Emily Bronte

5.    When a pair of consecutive lines in a poem rhyme this is known as a_________ .

A.   ballad   

B.   stanza     

C.   couplet    

D.   sonnet

6.    A  _________ character is created to represent the living symbol of one of  the frequently reoccurring characteristics of human nature.

A. stock

B. round

C. flat

D. humorous

7.    Blank verse is a verse form which ___________.

A. does not use rhyme

B. omits certain key words for poetic effect

C. is always written in a different way

D. aims to create a sense of emptiness and loss

8.    An  accepted dramatic convention used in Shakespeare’s time where a  character expresses his thoughts and feelings, while alone on a stage,  is referred to as a _________.

A.   memorial

B.   soliloquy

C.   oration

D.   setting

9. Robinson Crusoe is a story, first published in  1719. In the story, Robinson Crusoe is the major character and Friday is  his _________.

A. enemy

B. boss

C. slave

D. colleague

10. It is important to realize that when the author  writes a story, he creates “someone” to tell the story: that storyteller  is called the “__________”.

A. writer

B. witness

C. character

D. narrator

Key: 1. D  2. B  3. B  4. D  5. C

6. A  7. A  8. B  9. C  10. D

11. The Bennett family are characters in __________.

A. Gone With the Wind

B. Pride and Prejudice

C. Upon Westminster Bridge

D. Pygmalion

12. The point of view of a narrator who observes events like a camera is the __________.

A. Objective point of view

B. Omniscient point of view

C. I-witness point of view

D. Limited omniscient point of view

13. Poetic licence is freedom to __________.

A. use another poet’s imagery

B. make political statements

C. combine genres

D. break language rules

14.  Tom Sawyer is a character developed fully in the story representing a  typical type of people in the society, therefore we call it the  __________ character.

A. deep

B. interesting

C. stock

D. common

15. Adlestrop is a __________.

A. businessman

B. railway station

C. city

D. poet

16. In Wuthering Heights the relationship between the houses and the characters is __________.

A.mysterious

B.misleading

C.accidental

D.symbolic

17. The character who speaks of “a sea of troubles” and “the whips and scorns of time” is __________.

A.Hamlet

B.Macbeth

C.Othello

D.Shylock

18.  In a literary writing, the author chooses particular words to convey  what he sees, feels and wants readers to know to set the _______ of the  work.

A.view

B.tone

C.persona

D.interpretation

19. When events are arranged “first things first” they are portrayed __________.

A.chronologically

B.symbolically

C.incoherently

D.horizontally

20. As the tension is resolved the plot comes to the __________.

A.climax

B.denouement

C.exposition

D.elaboration

Key: 11. B  12. A  13. D  14. C  15. B

16. D  17. A  18. B  19. A  20. B

第二部分是文学常识填空。一般是每句三空，有的是列举题，有的是考查某个具体文学作品的相关知识。这部分得分不高，反映出考生对文学常识能够认出来，但写出来有困难，也可以说对文学常识掌握得不够扎实。例如：

Please list 3 types of literary genres d________, p_______, f________.

答案是drama，poetry，fiction

如果你写play, poem, story (or novel) 也是可以接受的。

以下请做练习题：

1．We call Jane Eyre a r__________ character, since she has three dimensions as a person, and we see her change and develop. She  is a plain-featured, empathetic, hard-working, and passionate girl. She  works as a governess at Thornfield Hall and falls in love with her  wealthy employer, R________. But her strong sense of conscience does not  permit her to become his mistress, and she does not return to him until  his insane wife is dead and she herself has come into an inheritance.

答案是round, Rochester

2. Unit 6 details five different  ‘points of view’ that authors can employ when writing narratives. Two of  these are ‘Objective’ and ‘I-agent,’ the others are o_________,  l_________ o _______and e_________.

答案是omniscient, limited omniscient, eyewitness

3. In Unit 8, three p_________ by  Cowper, Wordsworth and Blake highlight contrasting views of life in the  t_________ and life in the c_________.

答案是poems, town, country

4. When the initial setting for a  story occurs in the introduction, the literary term for this is  e_________. Following this there is a(n) e_________ of the plot where  the action develops into conflict causing a climax to be reached when  these conflicts all reach a(n) c_________ point before an ultimate  resolution occurs.

答案是exposition, elaboration, crisis

More exercises of this type:

1. In the exposition of a plot, the four aspects of the story - ‘who’, w________, w_______ and w_______ are introduced.

2. Shakespeare  chose to make the three witches meet in the ‘thunder and lightning’ in  order to suggest a sense of d_______ and e__________.

3­. Dickens’s  creation, the miser Scrooge, is an example of a/an a________ or  s_________ character. Other examples could be ‘the wise advisor’ or ‘the  absent-minded professor’.

4. The tone in which characters speak can indicate their a________, m_______, or m__________.

5. Aphra  Benn, Daniel Defoe and Blake all explore the idea of the ‘dark  stranger’ but from different points of view: the ‘dark stranger’ as a  n_______ s________, or as a n_______ s_________.

Key:

1.(1) when, (2) where, (3) what.

2.danger, evil. (Or any answer with this meaning)

3.archetype (or archetypal), stock

4.(Any three of these four) (1) attitudes, (2) manners, (3) mood, (4) the moral outlook of the characters.

5.(1) noble savage, (2) natural slave

2) 戏剧或诗歌分析。这部分主要考查的是对课本中某段戏剧节选或对一篇诗歌的理解。如果是戏剧分析，5个简答题涉及主题、人物、情节等，如果是诗歌分析，5个简答题涉及主题、韵脚、诗歌形象、诗句的理解。只要对课本熟悉，这部分的得分能够在6分以上。

举例如下，请练习：

I.

Trees

I think that I shall never see

A poem lovely as a tree

A tree whose hungry mouth is prest

Against the earth’s sweet flowing breast;

A tree that looks at God all day;

And lifts her leafy arms to pray;

A tree that may in Summer wear

A nest of robins in her hair;

Upon whose bosom snow has lain;

Who intimately lives with rain

Poems are made by fools like me,

But only God can make a tree.

Questions:

1. What is the rhyming scheme?

2. What is the name normally given to two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme?

3. Which figures of speech does line 3 employ?

4. What is the poet’s attitude towards trees?

Answers:

1. aa bb cc dd ee aa

2. couplet

3. personification

4. He adores the trees.

II.

Adlestrop

Yes, I remember Adlestrop

The name, because one afternoon

Of heat the express-train drew up there

Unwontedly. It was late June.

The steam hissed. Someone cleared his throat.

No one left and no one came

On the bare platform. What I saw

Was Adlestrop – only the name

And willows, and willow-herb, and grass,

And meadowsweet, and haycocks dry,

No whit less still and lonely fair

Than the high cloudlets in the sky.

And for that minute a blackbird sang

Close by, and round him, mistier,

Farther and farther, all the birds

Of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire.

Questions:

1. What is the rhyming scheme?

2. What are themes of the poem?

3. What kind of emotion does the poet seem to express in the poem?

4. Identify the image of cloudlets. What is it?

Answers:

1. abcb

2. War and peace, or something similar

3. Nostalgia, OR expectation to go home

4. The cloudlet is a small piece of cloud in the sky.

3)莎士比亚作品理解。这部分的要求是用自己的话解释节选中的句子或者对词语的解释。评分标准并未对语言有很高要求，只要求解释清句子即可。失分的原因是不能理解原文。比如OTHELLO中的一段Othello的台词：

True, I have married her:

The very head and front of my offending

Hath this extent, no more.

答案是：The only misdeed I am accused of is that I have married her.

Yes, I’ve married her. That’s the only accusation against me.

Yes, I’ve married her. That’s all the offending I have.

而很多考生只理解到marry这一信息，对其他莎士比亚时代的英语就不怎么理解了。莎士比亚作品在我们的教材中总共只有四篇，花点功夫看懂，应该能理解而且能够解释。

True, I have married her:

The very head and front of my offending

Hath this extent, no more.

A. The only wrong I have done.

B. The beginning of my offer.

C. The excuse I will have.

D. The very daughter I will marry.

答案是：A

这里把莎士比亚的作品用比较通俗的英语表达出来，希望帮助大家理解莎士比亚。

Hamlet (P 215)

To  be or not to be—that is the Question; Whether it’s nobler in the mind  to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms  against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?

To  live or to die, that is a question. Is it better to bear the bitterness  of bad fate in the mind, or should people rise up to pick up weapons  fighting against it and end so many troubles in one’s life?

To die, to sleep—No more; —and by a sleep to say we end  The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to; ‘Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished.

To  die, to sleep, there will be no more existence. And if we can say that  we end the trouble and the countless natural strikes that human beings  are bound to suffer by a sleep, then a sleep or a death would be the  perfect thing that we have seriously wished for.

To  die, to sleep; To sleep, perchance to dream. Ay, there’s the rub; For  in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off  this mortal coil, Must give us pause. There is the respect That makes  calamity of so long life;

To  sleep perhaps is to dream, that is where the trouble is. In the sleep  of death, when we get rid of our physical bodies and free ourselves from  these earthly troubles, what may come as our dreams must make us  hesitate. It is with this very consideration that people would rather  endure a life so long and so painful.

Othello (P328)

Othello: Most powerful, grave, and respected lords

my very noble and approved good masters,

that I have taken away this old man’s daughter, it is most true.

       The only misdeed I am accused of is that I have married her.

       I am unpolished in my speech, and little blessed with the soft phrase of peace.

       Since I was a child of seven, all my efforts have been concentrated on my military profession, except for the last nine months.

       I  can speak little of this great world, no more than what belongs to  battle field. And therefore I shall help little my own cause forward in  speaking for myself.

       Yet  by your gracious patience, I will tell my love story plainly and  simply. I will tell how I won his daughter by what drugs, what charms,  what conjuration and what mighty magic, for I am charged with these for  such proceeding.

Brabantio: A  maid who is never bold, who is so still and quiet of spirit that her  motion blushed at itself, is to fall in love with what she feared to  look on, in spite of her nature, of her years, of her country, of her  reputation, of everything.

         To  believe that love story is a judgment so deformed and totally imperfect  that it could accept that perfection could go wrong and go against all  the rules of nature. It must be the evil cleverness that drives the love  to happen.

         I  therefore assert again, he worked on her with some mixtures which were  powerful over the blood or conjured to this effect with some magic  potion.

4) 短篇小说。这部分是整个卷子里唯一出自课外的，是8道问答题。主要考查的也是基本的文学常识，涉及布景、主题、人物、情节、矛盾冲突等。前5题每题2分，后3题每题5分。从分数分布来看，前5题基本都是一句话或者一个短语简答即可，而后3题同学们要稍微展开来说。失分原因有：1）后三题答案过于简单；2）答案没有切中要害。从得分策略来说，建议同学们作答时尽量多说几句。

5) 写作。这部分是人称变化和缩写的结合。有些同学不知道怎样才算是从要求的角度写，所以使用了第三人称。其实就是把自己当成文中的角色，然后讲个故事就行了。同时，把故事主要情节讲完整就可以了。太多的细节会超过字数限制。评分是从语言、内容和是否按照要求写作三方面来给整体分。所以，提醒同学们注意这三点。

最后预祝大家都能考出好成绩！